America s Independence Of Independence Essay - 2128 Words

July 4,1776 was the day America would declare its Independence from their mother country England. Thomas Jefferson drafts this Declaration of Independence using as a reference the Scottish declaration. Declaring Independence would mean war between the British empire and â€Å"America†. With only 35,000 poorly trained troops and 45,000 militias, no navy, small industry with few financial resources the U.S was able to defeat the British Empire which had 56,000 skilled redcoats, 30,000 hessians, 50,000 loyalists, a royal navy and lots of financial resources. So the question remains how exactly was the U.S able to win its independence against such a huge empire? The American revolutionaries shared a set of political and social values which in essence gave meaning to their actions. In September 1776 British army commander Sir William Howe along with his brother Richard Howe used 32,000 Hessians to attack the American Commander General Gorge Washington (pg.243). The brothers defeate d Washington’s army in several battles from Brooklyn Heights to New York where Washington’s army was saved by a storm. By then the battle for independence seemed doomed the British General occupied New York Washington had few men. However, on Christmas night 1776 General Washington decided to cross the Delaware and launch a surprise attack on the Hessians camp at Trenton and succeeded, followed by the victory in Princeton which marked two of his first victories. In the fall of 1777, general Howe planned toShow MoreRelatedAmerica s Declaration Of Independence1356 Words   |  6 Pagessince the beginning of the â€Å"Land of the free and home of the brave†, America has held itself to a certain cluster of standards. The framework done by our founding fathers was not to form a country that would please the people in the beginning, but to be able to survive and thrive in the new upcoming and technological advancing world. Those standards that were so brilliantly wri tten into the nation’s Declaration of Independence claimed that everyone was entitled to â€Å"certain unalienable rights† andRead MoreAmerica s Successful Fight For Independence1484 Words   |  6 PagesLeader Simon Bolivar, memorialized as one of the greatest liberators during South America s successful fight for independence from Spain, also known as Bolivar s War. General Simon Bolivar led the wars to independence for Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela. Bolivar succeeded as a liberator but his ultimate dream to unify his beloved continent fell short. His vision of combining all of South America into one independent nation always remained intact. Being great admirer of theRead MoreAmerica s Move Toward Independence1776 Words   |  8 PagesWhen one considers the part Enlightenment ideas played in America’s move toward independence, it is firstly mandatory to address two key concepts; what we mean by the term enlightenment and what th ese ideas mean in relation to American Independence. Broadly speaking, the Enlightenment is commonly perceived to be a philosophical movement of the 18th Century that introduced new ways of thinking and encouraged a broader understanding of the world. However, the enlightenment realistically isn t thisRead MoreThe Struggle For America s Independence By Carol Berkin984 Words   |  4 PagesThe book, Revolutionary Mothers, Women in the Struggle for America’s Independence, by Carol Berkin, was published in 2005. This book is a history book that focuses on women during the American Revolution years. Women played an active and vital role in the war, even though we are often not aware of this because most history books completely leave out the great contributions of women during the revolution. Ms. Berkin begins her introduction explaining her purpose and thesis for writing the book. InRead MoreThe Founding Leadership Truly Caused America s Independence1981 Words   |  8 PagesAlthough there are debates on whether the founders leadership truly caused America s independence, or they were simply a group of elitist liberals with personal interests, without the unparalleled leadership of the Founders in the Revolutionary period of America, we would not have the America we live in today. We owe the preservation of our rights, the constitution, the branches of government, and the whole notion of independence to the leadership and steadfastness of the Founders. They worked tirelesslyRead MoreRevolutionary Mothers : Women During The Struggle For America s Independence773 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the Struggle for America’s Independence† is neither a romantic tale nor an attempt to revise traditional history by making women the piv otal players in war for independence. It does not tell one woman’s story, but many, and not all of those stories end in victory or triumph. The book examines a revolution, or war, that is blurred between the battlefield and the home front. It views the struggle of war through the eyes of women who found themselves willingly and unwillinglyRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence : America s Political Philosophy And Its Way Of Life Essay1755 Words   |  8 PagesThe Declaration of Independence is still a profoundly relevant document for our time, in the political philosophy it espouses, as well as it’s keen view of human nature and its examination of our desire for freedom and happiness. It is also a known document that binds our nation together as one for â€Å"Life, Liberty and the  pursuit of Happiness.† I believe the Declaration of Independence still accurately reflects America’s political philosophy and its way of life as we see today. Because the DeclarationRead MoreThe Acceptance Of Blacks : America s Birth With The Signing Of The Declaration Of Independence1643 Words   |  7 PagesThe Acceptance of Blacks in White America From America s birth with the signing of the Declaration of Independence there have been few movements that have affected as many people as the Civil Rights movement. In a world where blacks were always seen as inferior, any other notion or conception of blacks was highly untolerated. Since Abraham Lincoln had freed the slaves in 1886, there had been no discernable change in the state of racial affairs in America. Not until Brown v. Board of EducationRead MoreWhite Privilege : An Integral Part Of America s Declaration Of Independence Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pages White Privilege Our country was founded on the notion that â€Å"all men are created equal,† while this concept is an integral part of America’s Declaration of Independence, the fundamental idea has never genuinely been practiced. Our country established a white supremacy culture in its founding days, and has accepted the concept since. White supremacy is the belief that white people are superior to those of all other races. Although there have been valiant efforts, the inequality of the races has neverRead MoreRevolutionary Mothers : Women During The Struggle For America s Independence By Carol Berkin1612 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction A critical analysis entails the review of the book Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the struggle for America’s independence by Carol Berkin. This comprised of details on women who had been involved in struggling to fulfill the independence of America. Women played their role at facing or creating impact towards the war. This outlines on myriad of women,s lives as well as getting to know the obstacles that they encountered during the war. This aids in bringing out the idea that not only

Networking Concepts †Summary Free Essays

The alma of this paper Is to find the easiest and cost-effective method of connecting two separate networks. A relatively simple device called a bridge, which Is implemented through a combination of hardware and software, achieves interconnection between two networks that are the same. Interconnection between networks that are not similar, for example, a Wide Area Network and a Local Area Network can be achieved through as much more complex device called a router. We will write a custom essay sample on Networking Concepts – Summary or any similar topic only for you Order Now A router Is a device, which can accept messages that are in a certain format produced by one particular network and reinstates them to another format that is used by another network. In this particular case of Nancy, a director of network infrastructure, it is not likely that a full replacement of networking equipment Is required. Alternative A, which is about Installing a few devices In the headquarters of BOB. The advantages of this alternative are that is that It Is the easiest, the least expensive and the quickest to implement. The other advantage is that this approach will have a very small impact on the network infrastructure. The disadvantage of this approach is that there will be performance penalties due to lack of integration in the architecture of the network. The second option Is replacing the network components of Bob’s entire network for It to use the same protocols as BE and the two can communicate freely. The advantage of this approach Is that there will be a huge Improvement In performance due to integration in the network architecture. The major cons of this alternative are that there will be major impacts on the network infrastructure; there also will be ajar costs incurred and a lot of time required to implement this alternative. Their last alternative Is whereby the management of BE bank replaces all the devices of the B WAN and even probably the MANS so that each city or branch can communicate with the network of BE while the Lana in individual divisions remain unchanged. The advantage of this alternative is that there will be better performance gains than in alternative A and takes significantly little time to implement. The con of this approach is that it does not achieve full integration of the network and the stickiest to support Bobs network over time It might add problems to the My recommendation is that alternative C is the most applicable when it comes to the time taken to implement and the cost that is incurred in order to achieve a significant level of network architecture. However, when it comes to a long-term point of view, the second alternative is the best so long as BE passes through a transition stage like the first alternative in order to meet its immediate needs and take ample time to put into action the full changes of the infrastructure. How to cite Networking Concepts – Summary, Papers

A Comparison of Competencies between Associate and Bachelor Degreed Nursing Graduates free essay sample

Nursing is complex, and within the profession there are many spectrums of career possibilities. Nursing is based on a foundation of caring and what draws many to the profession is a commitment of service. The knowledge and education sought to prepare nurses however differs between the two â€Å"entry† level paths of associate degreed nurses and baccalaureate degree nurses and thus forms a difference in the way they perform their professional practice. Associate Degreed Nurses Associate degree nursing programs were developed in the early 1950’s as a response to postwar shortages (Creasia, Friberg. 2011) they were intended to be two years in duration and designed to prepare the graduate for bedside care in the secondary setting. These program quickly became successful and programs spread across the United States at a record pace. The associate degree program were found to be clinically sound and offered heavily hands on approach, they traditionally graduate nurses that are task oriented and perform well. We will write a custom essay sample on A Comparison of Competencies between Associate and Bachelor Degreed Nursing Graduates or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Associate graduates are tested via the NCLEX after program completion to obtain licensure. The associate degreed path remains the major point of entry into the profession today. The educational prerequisite of the associate degree nursing program are not as robust in sciences often eliminating the need for organic chemistry and advanced mathematics. The associate degree nursing path also is remedial as compared to the BSN in the liberal arts, often leaving the graduate with subpar communication skills when compared to the BSN counterpart. Baccalaureate Degreed Nurses Baccalaureate degree programs are traditionally structured as four year programs with the nursing clinical focus at the latter two years. Programs differ from Associate programs in that there are courses required which  focus on the professional development of the student, and thus the growth of the profession. Baccalaureate programs prepare the graduate for scopes beyond bedside care. Leadership and research roles favor the bachelors prepared graduate. The advanced professional focus allows the graduate to view the practice beyond the task orientation of the associate degreed nurse. A comparison study (Ginger, N. Davidhizar, R., 1990) found that baccalaureate nurses were more concerned with research methodology, teaching of the individual and the group, and community assessments. The study concluded that the baccalaureate nurse was more process driven than the task oriented associate degreed nurses. Healthcare today is composed of a multiple disciplinary team of practitioners with varied levels of education, preparing nurses at the minimum of the baccalaureate level has been a push of many professional organizations. Recent research (Aiken, 2008) has confirmed a strong link in the educational level of nurses and improvement in patient mortality. The study found when the institution increased the percentage of baccalaureate prepared nurses by 10% that the corresponding mortality decreased by 4%. Practical Comparison One of the situational comparisons that I feel would demonstrate the practice focus differences of the two educational preparations is in dealing with imminent death and dying. Throughout the career of any healthcare provider we will be faced with this challenge, and while there are many task associated with the algorithm of advanced life support or complexity of the hospice patient, there are multiple psych social aspects to consider. The baccalaureate nurses educational preparation allows her to focus on the causes of the underlying pathophysiology, understand the chemistry of the multiple medications involved and problem solve for alternative treatments is initially unsuccessful. The baccalaureate nurse is able to communicate effectively with the healthcare team and reassuringly guide the family thru this difficult process. In my years of practice I feel that clinical experience and confidence can elevate the associate degreed nurse to a comparable level in this situation as well but I have seen that the baccalaureate graduate achieves this standard well before the counterpart. Patient presentation has become more complex and the array of treatments available seems almost endless. Our patients and their families deserve the  best outcomes from the best prepared team.

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn can be consid Essay Example For Students

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn can be consid Essay The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn can be considered a great novel because of its social criticism, its authenticity, its relation to God and the supernatural, and by the way it was written. Huck Finn can be considered a great novel because of its social criticism which is shown through satire. Satire is used to criticize something that the writer deems socially wrong. Mark Twain uses satire to criticize mans cruelty to man and religious hypocrisy. Twain criticizes mans cruelty to man mainly through the treatment of slavery throughout the novel. Twains criticism of religious hypocrisy is shown when Huck stays with the Grangerfords in chapter 17. In the chapter, the Grangerfords took their guns along to church, ready to continue the feud on the way to or from the religious sanctuary. We will write a custom essay on The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn can be consid specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Another way Huck Finn can be considered a great novel is because of its authenticity. Many of the events in the story follow closely to events taking place during the time that Mark Twain wrote the novel. A good example of this is slave trade, that was a part of every day life in the Southern states, and, as in the novel, no one thought negatively about it. Another example is that feuding families, such as the Grangerford Shepherdson feud was not uncommon at the time. Another aspect that adds to the authenticity of the novel is the emphasis placed on superstitions. During the novel, we learn of some of the superstitions of the time. Some include looking at the moon over ones left shoulder, shaking a tablecloth after sundown, and handling snakeskin. This adds to the authenticity because small children and the uneducated would place great meaning on these superstitions. Huck Finn can also be considered a great novel because of its relation to God and the supernatural. During a large portion of the story, Huck is at odds on moral grounds with the only form of Christianity that he knows, which was taught to him by Miss Watson. He is debating whether or not to tell Miss Watson about Jim or take him to freedom. In addition to Christianity, there is also a river God that gives the story its form. The river is neither all good or all evil, but is mainly looked upon throughout the novel as divine. From the beginning of the novel until the end of it, the river controls the voyage of Huck and Jim. Its power is shown because the river would not let them land in Cairo which meant freedom for Jim. Also in the story, the river separates the two at the Grangerfords and then reunites them later in the company of the King and the Duke. Throughout the novel we are constantly reminded of its presence and its power. Furthermore, after each short social life on shore, Huck returns to the river with relief and thankfulness. Additionally, Huck Finn can be considered a great novel because of the way it was written. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is an episodic novel, meaning that there are strings of incidents along the way of Hucks travels. In the book, it is very easy to identify each episode, because throughout the novel he is going down the river, and each place he stops, starts a new incident. Even thought the novel is episodic, there is clear dramatic organization, meaning that from the beginning to the end, the suspense becomes more intense. Another factor making it a great novel is the way that Mark Twain writes. The story is very easy to read because of Twains ease and freedom in the use of the language. Moreover, he uses simple, direct, and fluent sentences, with the exception of Jims dialect.

Free Essays on Spanish Armada

Due to rising tensions between England and Spain, in 1588 the two nations confronted each other in one of histories greatest naval showdowns. There were many reasons for the confrontation, but a few primary causations can be named. Firstly, there was an underlying conflict of Spanish Catholicism vs. English Protestantism. Phillip the II of Spain had the backing of the papacy and was ardently opposed to any kind of Protestantism. On the contrary, when Elizabeth became the Queen of England, she made Protestantism the official state religion and made attendance to the Church of England compulsory for all citizens. The religious rivalry between the two nations escalated steadily and eventually ended up in war. Prior to 1588, Spain had been fighting a Protestant rebellion in the Low Countries, and had been doing well. Opposed to the spread of Catholicism and Spanish rule, England saw it as her duty to send military aid to the Dutch Protestants. The war which had started as a Dutch rebellion had turned into a proxy war between the Spanish and the English. An already tense situation was made worse when Elizabeth executed Mary, Queen of Scotts, the Catholic wife of Phillip the II. The whole time that this religious rivalry was occurring, the problem of privateering was slowly gnawing away at the Spanish economy. Spain had established colonies in the new world and was exporting huge amounts of bullion to support her economy. The government of Spain absolutely relied on this money to make her economy function. The English crown actively supported privateering efforts which would serve two purposes: 1. to increase the wealth of England and 2. to detract from the wealth of Spain. These acts of privateering were a large cause of the showdown between Spain and England. There are two main reasons that Spain lost her Armada. First there was the issue of poor leadership. A few months prior to setting sail, the commander of the Sp... Free Essays on Spanish Armada Free Essays on Spanish Armada Due to rising tensions between England and Spain, in 1588 the two nations confronted each other in one of histories greatest naval showdowns. There were many reasons for the confrontation, but a few primary causations can be named. Firstly, there was an underlying conflict of Spanish Catholicism vs. English Protestantism. Phillip the II of Spain had the backing of the papacy and was ardently opposed to any kind of Protestantism. On the contrary, when Elizabeth became the Queen of England, she made Protestantism the official state religion and made attendance to the Church of England compulsory for all citizens. The religious rivalry between the two nations escalated steadily and eventually ended up in war. Prior to 1588, Spain had been fighting a Protestant rebellion in the Low Countries, and had been doing well. Opposed to the spread of Catholicism and Spanish rule, England saw it as her duty to send military aid to the Dutch Protestants. The war which had started as a Dutch rebellion had turned into a proxy war between the Spanish and the English. An already tense situation was made worse when Elizabeth executed Mary, Queen of Scotts, the Catholic wife of Phillip the II. The whole time that this religious rivalry was occurring, the problem of privateering was slowly gnawing away at the Spanish economy. Spain had established colonies in the new world and was exporting huge amounts of bullion to support her economy. The government of Spain absolutely relied on this money to make her economy function. The English crown actively supported privateering efforts which would serve two purposes: 1. to increase the wealth of England and 2. to detract from the wealth of Spain. These acts of privateering were a large cause of the showdown between Spain and England. There are two main reasons that Spain lost her Armada. First there was the issue of poor leadership. A few months prior to setting sail, the commander of the Sp...

What You Should Know About Ronald Reagans Radio Career

What You Should Know About Ronald Reagan's Radio Career Ronald Reagan, the 40th U.S. President was many things - including a radio broadcaster. More specifically, he was a sportscaster for several stations between 1932 and 1937 including WOC-AM and WHO-AM. You may not have heard the details, so here are some highlights: WOC - AM 1420 in Davenport was the First commercial radio station west of the Mississippi River and [in 1932] first to hire Ronald Reagan.WOC, needed an announcer to broadcast University of Iowa games. Reagans first assignment - for $5 and bus fare - was the University of Iowas homecoming game against Minnesota. (RonaldReagan.com)After WOC consolidated with WHO in Des Moines...WHO, an NBC affiliate gave Reagan national media exposure. (Reagan.utexas.edu.)  Dutch (a childhood nickname because of his Dutch boy haircut) gained national media exposure recreating Chicago Cubs baseball games from the studio.  One of his responsibilities was to give accounts of Chicago Cubs baseball games via telegraph. During one game between the Cubs and their arch rivals the St. Louis Cardinals that was tied 0-0 in the 9th inning, the telegraph went dead: An often repeated tale of Reagans radio days recounts how he delivered play-by-play broadcasts of Chicago Cubs baseball games he had never seen. Hi s flawless recitations were based solely on telegraph accounts of games in progress. (PBS.org) Once in 1934, during the ninth inning of a Cubs - St. Louis Cardinals game, the wire went dead. Reagan smoothly improvised a fictional play-by-play (in which hitters on both teams gained a superhuman ability to foul off pitches) until the wire was restored. (Wikepedia.org)  Reagan said: â€Å"There were several other stations broadcasting that game and I knew I’d lose my audience if I told them we’d lost our telegraph connections so I took a chance. I had (Billy) Jurges hit another foul. Then I had him foul one that only missed being a home run by a foot. I had him foul one back in the stands and took up some time describing the two lads that got in a fight over the ball. I kept on having him foul balls until I was setting a record for a ballplayer hitting successive foul balls and I was getting more than a little scared. Just then my operator started typing. When he passed me the paper I started to giggle - it said: ‘Jurges popped out on the first ball pitched .’† (intellecualconservative.com)   Did you know that less than six months after President Ronald Reagan left the office he attended an All-Star Game and did some more broadcasting? (BaseballAlmanac.com)  His political career started through the presidency of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG). He gained political stature through radio broadcasts and speaking tours sponsored by the General Electric company.

GLOBAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

GLOBAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT - Assignment Example During financialization, capitalism is often affected by the dominance of the financial sector over the productive sector(Krippner, 2011, p. 9). The essay critically analyzes some of the themes covered by Erturk et al. (2008) and their relevance to contemporary business and economy. According to (Ismail, et al., 2008, p. 239) there is no outline for a single market culture thesis. Instead, the issues discussed revolve around a variety of themes that touch on the market culture of society and politics. One of the market culture themes that have been identified covers a shift in interest among economical agents, from the inequality to difference; from the market economy of resource distribution in the economy of cultural recognition and identity. Economic actors are less concerned with issues related to the economic equality and are constantly shifting their attention to cultural differences. The dimensions of inequality in the economy have been focused on less, relative to the cultural considerations and differences that have turned to be a major problem. On a standard sociological account, the relation between economics and economies has been interpreted to be quite weak. The reason behind this prerogative ideology is that the economics provide highly abstract market models that are based on behavior and governing assumptions that have no world equivalences in reality. Along similar lines, the academic economics do not have a great deal of importance for businesses, even though it has a recognizable significance for states(Budd & Harris, 2004, p. 74). On the other hand, (Callon, 2004, p. 242)views the economy as a set of reliable technical practices rather than a bad science. He also visualizes the economy as a technology that creates phenomena and allows participation in shaping whatever it describes. The interest in the economy should be based less on the set of accurate representations of the

Five year report for the JD sports Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Five year report for the JD sports - Coursework Example The company’s business model involves significant reliance on acquisition and organic growth. Cash flow from investing and financing activities properly reflect the strategies adopted. The company has recently broadened its services to Spain, France and Ireland by acquiring fully and partially owned subsidiaries. The business model may be practically supported by 2012 results which show that 67% of cash used in investing activities relate to acquisition of brands. The regular losses in re-measurements, revaluation and impairment of assets raise certain questions on the viability of the company’s depreciation and asset management policies. The exceptional items are seen at almost steady amounts throughout the 5 years period under review. The possible reason for such losses seem to be acquired assets which need to be revalued and losses recognized. The cost controls at JD Sports seem managed and properly monitored. The 2008 growth of cost of sales at 8% was lower than the growth in sales of 12%. This shows, apparently, a strong cost controlling mechanism working at JD Sports. The cost growth of 2009-2023 seems to be in line with the growth in revenue showing a direct relationship between cost and revenue. This further illuminates the tight direct cost control system of JD sports which maintains the levels of earnings and expenses as much as possible. The gross margin growth is relatively steady due to a linear increase in sales and cost of sales. The company’s performance, however, can be appreciated in keeping the costs stable and hence the gross profit. The operating margin in 2011 is 9% as compared to the competitor, Marks & Spencer, at 8.6%. Moreover, the operating margin in 2012 is 7.2% as compared to the Marks & Spencer’s operating margin at 7.5%1. This shows that comparing to the competitor; no significant fluctuations have been observed in the trend. In aggregate, the operating margin before exceptional items seems quite stable and

Milk parlour Essay Example for Free

Milk parlour Essay With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m., during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m.as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m., during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m.as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m.as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m., during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m.as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m., during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m.as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m., during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m.as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’

Definitions of Self in Community in Morrisons Sula and Song of Solomon

Definitions of Self In Community in Sula and Song of Solomon        Ã‚  Ã‚   "In that place, where they tore the nightshade and blackberry patches from their roots to make room for the Medallion City Golf Course, there once was a neighborhood" (Sula 1). Toni Morrison begins the novel Sula with these powerful words, describing more than a physical place, but a spiritual place where a community once stood. She begins with the destruction of the community, ultimately beginning at the end because her novel traces the history of this community. In Song of Solomon. Morrison takes the opposite path. She traces the history of self that ultimately ends in a type of destruction when Milkman leaps off the cliff. In both novels, however, she explores the tension between self and community and the sacrifices each demand from the other. Morrison's characters are both empowered and restricted by the heavy sense of community that operates in her novels. In all of her novels the characters are pulled along by and enmeshed in the communities in which they live. In Sula and Song of Solomon the struggles of me community and me characters with in the framework of community are me driving force behind much of me novel. Both the characters and the larger communities are irrevocably changed throughout me course of the novels the as tension to define both individual and community surfaces. From the opening lines of Sula which foreshadows me ultimate deem of me community, Morrison calls attention to me sense of community in the Bottom. In "Eruptions of Funk. Susan Willis says, "The opening line from Sula might as well have been me novel's conclusion, so complete is the destructioni it describes. This is the community Morrison is writing to reclaim" (315)... ... Pessoni, Michele. â€Å"‘She was laughing at their God.’: Discovering the Goddess Within Sula.† African American Review 29 (1995): 439-451. Rigney, Barbara Hill. The Voices of Toni Morrison. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1991. Rubenstein, Roberta. â€Å"Pariahs and Community.† Toni Morrison: Critical Perspectives Past and Present. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and K. A. Appiah. New York: Amistad Press, Inc., 1993. 126-1 58. Smith, Valerie. â€Å"Song of Solomon: Continuities of Community.† Toni Morrison: Critical Perspectives Past and Present. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and K. A. Appiah. New York: Amistad Press, Inc., 1993. 274-283. Willis, Susan. â€Å"Eruptions of Funk: Historicizing Toni Morrison.† Toni Morrison : Critical Perspectives Past and Present. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and K.A. Appiah. New York: Amistad Press, Inc., 1993. 308-329.      

RH Bill: Hanging in the Balance Essay

The Philippines for the longest time has been torn by two, not necessarily opposing, but somehow different, forces; the church and the state. Though there has been a decree on the inviolable separation of these entities , more often than not, when societal issues confronting the state’s political affairs fall under â€Å"moral dilemmas,† the church can not help coming into the scene. This is the same case happening with the season’s national concern: House Bill 96, otherwise known as the Reproductive Health, Responsible Parenthood and Population and Development Act . Banking on the potentials of the said bill to drastically minimize the ballooning population of the country, the Aquino administration openly admitted its all-out support for the bill’s being enacted into law. This could be done, as the bill suggests, through maintaining feedom of informed choice wherein parents, couples and women enjoy the liberty or option of choosing from a menu of modern natural and artificial family planning methods which are medically safe, legal, accessible, affordable and effective. This caused the moralist groups, headed by the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines, to react violently. They expressed apprehensions that such a bill was by nature promoting looser morals that would eventually lead to a morally-corrupt society. The inculcation of sex education in the academic curriculum is simply unorthodoxical, and as such, is morally unacceptable. However the bill’s proponents contented that the said bill is not what the moralist pictured it to be. That it is about the government’s wholesome response to reproductive health concerns that for ages have been left unattended, and which were held accountable for the rapid proliferation of  the Filipino race and the perennial poverty that goes with it. The discussion may seen endless as each party stands firm on the ideals it represents. But at the day’s end, it would always be up to the individual couple, the direct recipients of such a bill, to decide for theselves whether or not to adhere to the proposals of whom. It is just hoped that their decision is designed based on how it would serve the union best and the country’s welfare in general.

How Does Williams want us to feel about Blanche in the opening scene?

At the start of the scene, the Blanche is introduced dressed conspicuously in white, â€Å"as if she were arriving at a summer tea or cocktail party†. Williams is trying to portray a sense of youth, innocence and purity in her clothing, but she is obviously out of place; however she is also described as a â€Å"moth†-an unpleasant creature of the dark, so there is obviously more to her than meets the eye. She has an air of great self-importance and she is posh, and therefore slightly out of place. She is used to grander settings than Elysian Fields: â€Å"Her expression is one of shocked disbelief†. She is also unimpressed at the state of her sister's house. She is also very rude and dismissive towards people of lower status, like her overly-helpful neighbour Eunice. After at first failing to get rid of her with boring, one-word answers, she frankly tells her to go away: â€Å"What I meant was I'd like to be left alone†, offending Eunice. She feels superior to Eunice, and is not used to having to answer questions from people she deems to be below her. Once alone, Blanche begins to explore her sister's house. Her eye is caught by a bottle of whiskey in a half-opened closet, and we find out that she is no novice when it comes to drinking. Whereas before she was sitting â€Å"in a chair very stiffly with her shoulders slightly hunched†, now she â€Å"springs up and crosses to it (the whiskey)†. She ‘tosses down' half a tumbler, before hiding the evidence, thus revealing her secretive nature. This theme of her secret drinking habit continues throughout the first scene, as she lies about drinking and even has the temerity to claim that ‘one's her limit'. She is also patronising and rude towards Stella. She joyously embraces her sister, talking far too much while trying to maintain her disguise: â€Å"turn that light off!†¦I won't be looked at in this merciless glare!† She doesn't want her sister to see that she is drunk or see through the facade of youthfulness. She then orders her about patronisingly while condemning her home: â€Å"What are you doing in a place like this?† After at first putting up with her sister's degrading comments about her house, Stella describes her as â€Å"intense†, which describes her perfectly. Blanche is also very quick to accuse her sister, in a bid to deflect attention away from her own short-comings: â€Å"You thought I'd been fired?† She leaves a lot of things unsaid, such as her reason for leaving her job. She also feels the need for approval from her sister, especially appearance-wise. She orders Stella to â€Å"stand up†, before patronisingly referring to her as a â€Å"little partridge† and informing her that she's â€Å"put on some weight†. Her sister puts up with it thought, obligingly telling her: â€Å"It's just incredible, Blanche, how well you're looking†. Blanch is very quick to judge, right from the very start; she is unimpressed by the local area, the neighbours, her sister's home and even her husband's nationality; she ignorantly refers to Polish people as â€Å"something like the Irish, aren't they†¦only not so – highbrow?† She is keen to impose herself upon the local community, again showing her insatiable need to be liked by others. Eventually she moves on to why she came to be here, apart from â€Å"taking a leave of absence† from the school. She gives some lame excuses, like â€Å"I want to be near you† but betrays her cover with the stage direction â€Å"Her voice drops and her look is frightened†. However she is able to recover herself enough to launch into a hyperbolic defence of herself after losing the family home, even blaming Stella for leaving: â€Å"You're a fine one to sit there accusing me of it!† She also exaggerates greatly, claiming â€Å"I fought for it, bled for it, almost died for it†.

The other side of the ledger essays

The other side of the ledger essays The other side of the ledger is an Indian view of the Hudsons Bay company. The Hudsons Bay companys 300th anniversary celebration where Queen Elizabeth II among the other guests was present, was no occasion for joy among the people whose lives were tied to the trading stores. During the past 300 years, the history has been written by white men. They have only focused on the generosity of the traders and the benefits brought to the Indians. However, there is a sharp contrasting view from what Indians have to say about their lot in the companys operations. At the time of the history, Hudsons Bay company was expended over 1 million square miles of land which is now known as Canada. The Ruperts Land at that time was occupied by the Indians. They (Indians) believed that the land belonged to all men and hence, the land owned by the individual was unknown. However, they failed to recognize that the white men had felt superiority to impose power over their identities. Hence, they just drifted bit by bit into white mens monopoly and never got out of it. Overall, I think, the film has covered up all the basic arguments of the Indians and has helped to understand the period and the people of that time. It has covered all the basic problems of Indians having with the Hudsons Bay Company. In the following, I have highlighted the main points covered in the film which illustrate the basic problems As it is shown in the film, I too think that the introduction of the new weapons (i.e.: guns) was the beginning of the Indians revolution. All the other hunting methods were band. The distribution of weapons in Ruperts land was done by the H.B.C.. Since, company had established treading posts throughout the land and each post was run by the manager, raising up the cost for the weapons was in the hands of t ...

Background check of hiring employee Essay Example for Free

Background check of hiring employee Essay In nowadays, background check of hiring employee is practicing by almost all agencies. Point is that, the skills of the applicant can be, somehow, figured out. It is much more difficult to assess the level of trust, honesty, mental toughness, and loyalty. Reading through chapter 9, and conducting a slight research, my answers to the questions of the given scenario are as follows: 1.Do temporary agencies have a â€Å"duty† to run background checks? If so, did Robert half â€Å"breach that duty?† Why or Why not? According to the law of negligence, temporary agencies should follow the duty policy on background check on pre-employment, in order not to satisfy an element of negligence. In case of Robert Half International Inc., and Fox Associates, Inc., I don’t think, that duty was breached, the company trusted to provided information by Ms. Ross about herself, and she got good recommendations from her former employers. At some extend, it is a background check. 2.The court ruled against Fox Associates. Was the court correct? Do you think Fox should have done its own background check? Why or Why not? I agree with the court decision, that it was determined that duty is not breached, because it happened unknowingly. Even though the company recommended the employee, Fox could do its own background check as well. 3.The fact pattern mentions that Sunbeam suffered similar damages when it failed to do its own background check on Mr. Dunlap, its former CEO. Who was more at fault, Sunbeam or the Executive search agency? In this case, the fault has an Executive search agency more, than Sunbeam, as it its straight duty to check background before approve for hiring. However, Sunbeam is liable for its losses also, because it should request and check the information about hiring employer. 4.Strategically and legally speaking, why do you think the former employers said nothing about Ms. Ross’ history and gave her good recommendations? There could be some reasons: 1). the former employers might feel sympathetic towards Ms. Ross, and they don’t believe that she has stolen any funds; 2) Ms. Ross, indeed a good specialist in her field; and the last 3) The former employers just didn’t tell the truth. 5.Develop one  unique background check policies for your company on employees hired through a search firm or temp agency. The main idea on background check which I’d like to develop, besides gathering information, confirmation of address, criminal records searches, is that pre-employee will answer some â€Å"simple† questions, which will ask him/her the same, but in different manner, and maybe I would add some psychological tests, which will let me know if that employee was capable to do something unethical in his past work experience. Background check of hiring employee. (2017, Feb 12).

Six Flags Magic Mountain Theme Park Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Six Flags Magic Mountain Theme Park - Essay Example It is thus about how she manages to handle her life despite deciding to have the baby, and the kind of impact the situation has on her maturity and lifestyle. The movie has gained worldwide recognition due to it being able to address a large audience on a global scale that has been able to relate with every aspect of it. Juno has a very basic story line as well as concept attached to the tale; it is about a young girl trying to explore the nooks and crannies of intimacy and relationships without understanding the implications that might arise along with the same. The film has been directed in a very concise manner making use of pencil stylized ‘rotoscoped’ images right from the credits in the beginning, making use of animation in order to help the audience understand the maturity level of the girl and the kind of colourful life that she always wanted to live for herself. The film helps teenagers to explore the kind of curiosity that reigns within them, and how the same s hould be understood not by simply jumping in and trying things out with friends, but by reading about things and comprehending the facts about life from one’s parents first. It helps children and young adults to understand how friends might not be the best option when it comes to understanding such information about pregnancy and intercourse. These aspects of life are crucial to one’s existence and they must be understood well by every individual so that he is able to make his own decisions without falling into trouble or having unplanned circumstances crop up in his life. (Sciretta, Peter) Thus, the film achieved mass appeal because of the story telling as well as how the girl managed to learn her lesson without panicking much about the situation. The various characters within the movie have been portrayed in a very interesting manner. The director has taken his time to choose the main protagonists and provide them with a different twist. Juno is a young teenage girl who comes off a little strong on the first meeting with everyone. Full of sarcasm, she helps to put an indie spin on the movie and gives a very intense performance with her dominating nature and need to control everything that might not even be in her reach. However, she understands where she went wrong by getting pregnant but decides to bring about a change in a couple’s life with the help of her baby who she is willing to give up in order to make someone else happy. The film has been divided into various chapters, giving the film a very succinct outline. The one thing that sets this movie apart is the idea of Juno trying not to become a victim of the situation she was thrust into, and rather treat the predicament as a stepping stone and move ahead in life, having learned a lesson. Juno’s bedroom as well was a very cleverly designed set as it helped to appeal to the minds of most young teenagers, showing how most young people keep their rooms; messy as well as clean e nough to find things around. Posters helped to indicate the girl’s interests to the sub conscious mind of the audience as objects like her famous ‘hamburger phone’ helped to show hoe different and varied her interests were and that she was just another ‘random’ teenager trying to find her way through life. The rooms of Paulie as well as Juno’s friend Leah have also been designed well, depicting what other teenagers like; Leah’s room being covered with posters of older men trying to signify her level of maturity when it comes to accepting love and Paulie’s looked neat with his mother bumping in several scenes showing how she might be the reason behind his cleanliness, like most teenage boys these days. Most of the

Three most common drugs in USA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Three most common drugs in USA - Research Paper Example The research has also concluded that, over five years people have come fonder of marijuana, mainly including the group age of 12 or older. The survey of Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) has recorded that, 70,000 of the population hits under this age group. This usage of marijuana drug is increasing because of the announced legalization of marijuana, comprising the medical terms. Usage of marijuana has been legalized by the two states of America, Washington and Colorado. On the other hand, the other 20 states have approved and consent the usage of marijuana on the medical terms only. This is the reason, why people of age 12 or older are accessing marijuana easily in Washington and Colorado. Even the Justice Department of US refused to take any challenge against the legalization of marijuana. The people in these states can openly be prosecuted by the federal law, even if they stood by the state law. President Obama said that, the usage of drugs is committed for the public health purpose only, not a criminal justice problem. The legalized law of marijuana other than the medical purpose is allowing people a free hand to go for this drug, â€Å""These statistics represent real people, families and communities dealing with the devastating consequences of abuse and addiction." (Leinwand) Cocaine is another type of drug which is being roughly used is America. The survey conducted by The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), has recorded that in the year 2008 there has been 1.9million users of cocaine. Out of this number approximately 359,000 has been recorded as the current crack users. The most age group of Americans using cocaine is the adults from age 18 to 25 years old. Men are highly involved in the usage of cocaine as compared to women. Powder cocaine has been in the use of the students of 8th, 10th and 12th grade from late 1990s. But the previous record

Ideologies And Their Work In A Media Text Essay

Ideologies And Their Work In A Media Text - Essay Example Public speaking is a very powerful tool that can be used either to break down or build ideologies; this makes the media a source of ideological thought. The news story framing can form ideologies through what is both left out and present in a story (Grayantes & Murphy, 2010, p.165). Ideology has mostly been used by the politicians to change how people reason and the people believed to be right. This has been seen as most of the votes prefer other candidates to other for being convinced in believing in an idea (Grossberg, 2005). The lifestyle magazine content has relied on affected the people dressing code, and there living style. It is very important to understand that most of the products of the mass media ideological analysis majorly focus on the content of the message (Johnson & Milani, 2010). These are mainly the stories they narrate about the present and the past and instead of those stories effect. The mass media text ideological term of understanding is that is a type of communication that gives privilege to certain ideas while undermining others. Media text has a different perspective of ideology representing interests that are different with a power that is not the same involved in a type of power struggle within media text. Some idea will have an advantage over others because they are always built in a familiar media image or are known to be very popular. Other ideas will not be easy to identifying as they are not that visible and will only be identified by those people who are very devoted. The way in which media use the lifestyle magazine to advertise (Okonkwo & Palgrave 2007) or inform the public about certain issues provides the form of the principle of public dialogue by which the conflict of culture is  waged.

Importance of Financial Information to Stakeholders

Importance of Financial Information to Stakeholders Financial information contain in annual reports that the companies are published in periodically. That period is identified as reporting period. Company obligates to provide financial information to their various stakeholders during the past reporting period. Annual report is a report the company report their comprehensive transactions and events to publish and provide for required parties. There are few reasons to publish annual reports by companies generally as follows. Because companies have legal obligation between companies and the government act implemented for companies is known as company act 2007 No 7. The company acts section 150, 151, 152 and 153 has mention the obligation to prepare financial statements, content and form of financial statements, obligation to prepare group financial statements and content and form of group financial statements accordingly. Stakeholders of the company require the financial information for following reasons. To know how well the company is doing. To find company has earned more money than they spent. To get an idea about strategic and tactical plans of the management. To provide information to make decisions who make decisions about organisatoin. Avoid dissimulations and corruptions of the organisation. Through the audit process, organisations will be able to identify weaknesses of their control of procedures and corruptions occurred due to them. To obtain and fulfill the financial requirements from monitory markets via financial equipments such as shares, debentures, bank loans and etc. 1.1. Importance of Financial Information to Stakeholders However the financial information require by stakeholders of the organisation. Stakeholder of the organisation can divide into two. The bellow chart represents the stakeholders of the organisation according to the environment they belongs to. Stakeholders of the Organisation External stakeholders a). Suppliers and Trade creditors b). Government c). Consumers d). Public e). Medias Internal Stakeholders a).Directors Managers b). Shareholders c). Employees (Diagram 01) Above chart shows the deviation of stakeholders of the organisation and they require financial information due to various purposes. 1.1.1. Directors and Managers To make decisions about the organisation in different time and in different level. Directors and managers of the organisation are taking different types of decisions as follows. About new investment and project appreciation decision. About continued and discontinued operations. Dividend decisions. Diversified business decision. Winding up decision. To establish overall objectives and periodical targets. To avoid dissimulations and corruptions. To establish squired systems and strengthens control of procedures. To increase the productivity level of the organisation. 1.1.2. Shareholders To determine whether their investment will be sold, Holt or bought more shares of the organization. To decided the fairness of the returned for their investments. To determine the going concern of the organisation. To obtain wide knowledge about the organizational activities. To compare their investments and their benefits with other competitive organizations and industries. 1.1.3. Employees To know about the stability and profitability of the employer. To know about remuneration, retirement benefits, and employment opportunities are in organisation To ensure the job security with the current employer. To ensure the fairness of the salaries and wages they obtain from the organization according to their earnings. To have a clear view about other operations of the organisation. 1.1.4. Suppliers To ensure their payments of supplies will be received on due. To ensure the stability of their customers. To have knowledge about other products and their suppliers of the organisation. To compare their transaction with existing and other companies To find other competitive suppliers and their contribution towards the organisation. To find opportunities to supply more. 1.1.5. Government To collect accurate taxes and amounts from organizations on due dates. To provide government benefaction to improve their business. To obtain financial and non-financial assistance for government development projects. To ensure the organizations oversee their employees in reasonable way. To ensure the organizations compliance with government rules, regulations and acts that established by the government. 1.1.6. Consumers To have knowledge about the cost structure of the products that the organisation is producing. To ensure the stability of the organisation. To know about the organizations profitability, because profitability is a shed light to know about products impossible growth, improvements, best customer service and low price strategic implications. To know about CSR programs conducted by the organisation. 1.1.7. Public To conscious about organizations substantial contribution towards the society. To know about the opportunities to link with the organisation. To know about CSR contribution towards the country. To conscious their activities which can be affected to interest of the nature and the country. 2. Standards requirement for published Financial Statements The entire organizations specially registered in Sri Lanka need to prepare their financial statements according to the requirements of the accounting standard issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka (ICASL). ICASL is responsible for prepare and issue all accounting standard which are relative and necessary to prepare financial statements. The entire organizations need to be adopted and compliance with the accounting standard which issued by the ICASL and need to mentioned under the notes to the financial statements of their annual report. This note can identify as Note of Compliance. As an example Richard Pearis PLC has mentioned their note of compliance as follows. The Financial Statements of the Company and the Group, comprising the Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Statement of Changes in Equity, the Cash Flow Statement, Accounting Policies and Notes to the Financial Statements are prepared on the basis of the historical cost conventions, and in conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and Accounting Standards laid down by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka. These principles and standards have been applied consistently with that of the previous year. No adjustments are made for inflationary factors affecting these Financial Statements. There is a list of accounting standards. Its consisting with 28 LKASs and 8 SLFRSs. (See appendix 01). 2.1. LKAS 8: Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors As per the requirement of LKAS 8 all of the companies need to mention their accounting policies estimates that they have used to prepare their financial statements during the reporting period. Because due to the change of any policy of the company will be affected retrospectively and caused to restated of comparative information unless it is impracticable to do so. Appendix 02 represents significant accounting policies and estimates that use by Richard Pearis PLC. 2.2. SLFRS 8: Operating Segments As per the above standard company may have some operating segments. Operating segment can define as follows; Operating segment is a component of an entity, It may earns revenue and incur expenses to the organisation, Operating results are revived by board of directors and Discrete financial information is available. Bellow table shows the segmental operations of Richard Pearis PLC. (Table 01) (Richard Pearis PLC, (2012). Financial Statements In: (ed), Arpico Annual Report. 2012: Sri Lanka pp.41.) 2.3. LKAS 34: Interim Financial Reporting. LKAS 34 requires preparing interim financial reports due to timely and reliable interim financial reporting improves the ability of investors, creditors, and other to understand an enterprises capacity to generate earnings and cash flows and its financial conditions and liquidity. Richard Pearis PLC prepares their interim financial reports according to the following financial colander. 2.4. SLFRS 4: Insurance Contracts This standard is applied virtually all insurance contracts that an entity issues and to reinsurance contracts that it hold. This is not applied to other assets and liabilities such as covering under the scope of LKAS 39 financial instruments recognition and measurement. Therefore company need to disclosure following information as requirement of this standard. Accounting policies for insurance contracts and related assets, liabilities, income and expenses. The recognized assets, liabilities, income, expenses and cash flows arising from insurance contracts. If the insurer is a cedant, certain additional disclosures are required. Information about assumptions that have the greatest effect on the measurement of assets, liabilities, income and expenses including, if practicable, quantified disclosures of those assumptions. The effect of changes of assumptions. Reconciliations of changes in insurance liabilities, reinsurance assets and if any related deferred acquisition cost. 2.5. SLFRS 6: Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources Under this standard affected activities such as; The search for mineral , Determination of the technical feasibility and commercial viability of extracting those resources. Following are specially excluded from the scope of the SLFRS 6; Expenditures incurred before the entity has obtained legal rights to explore in a specific area and Expenditure incurred after the technical feasibility and commercial viability of extracting a mineral resource are demonstrable. The accounting policy that entity can apply for mineral resources are; All expenditures related to exploration and evaluation assets need to incur to profit and loss and first recognition of the asset required to measure at cost, subsequently whether cost or revaluation model. Exploration and evaluation assets need represent in balance sheet, if its satisfy LKAS 16 requirements under property plants and equipments or if its satisfy LKAS 38 requirements under intangible assets. 2.6. LKAS 16: Property Plant and Equipments Property, Plants and Equipments (PPE) are tangible items that; Are held for use in the production or supply of goods or services, for rental to others, or for administrative purposes and Are expected to be use during more than one accounting period. (Mapitiya, (2011). Definitions of Standard In: Gayan (ed), LKAS 16 Property plant and Equipment. 1st ed. 2011: Sri Lanka pp.4.) The cost of assets of an item of PPE shall be recognized as assets if and only if; It is probable that future economic benefits generate with the item will flow to the entity. The cost of the item can be measured reliably. All property, plant and equipments require to represent in balance sheet under non-current assets and need to be valued whether cost or revaluation model. Every property, plant and equipment need depreciate. Depreciation can define as systematic allocation of the depreciable amount of an asset over its useful life. Depreciable Amount = Cost-Residual Value Useful life of the asset is the period the entity is expected to use. It will be vary from each and every asset. Company can use different types of depreciation methods that mentioned in the standard. They are; Straight line method. Reducing Balance method. Units of production method. 2.7. LKAS 38: Intangible Assets Intangible Assets are that identifiable non-monitory assets without any physical substance. (Jayasigha, (2011). Intangibla Assets In: Dimuthu (ed), LKAS 38. 1st ed. 2011: Sri Lanka pp.2.) There are three critical features of intangible assets. They are

The Talibans Attack on the United States Essay -- Terrorism

The Taliban's Attack on the United States On September 11, 2001, the most disastrous terrorist attack in U.S. history left a countless number of innocent Americans both dead and missing. The Taliban’s assault on the Pentagon and annihilation of New York’s World Trade Center caused the entire country to wonder what was going on in the rest of the world to cause so much animosity toward our great nation. Little did many American citizens know that this shocking catastrophe was the result of years of unrest and chaos in the Middle East. The tragic events of September 11th occurred as a result of the recent, political history of Afghanistan, the development of the radical Islamic group, the Taliban, and the monetary and military support that the Taliban has received. The Middle Eastern country of Afghanistan has been the center of a long history of heartless violence and political strife for quite sometime now. Russia’s interest in taking over the country and converting it into another member of it’s Communist entity was one very trying obstacle that Afghanistan has had...

Grade and Grading Curve Scenario

————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- New Perspectives excel 2010 ————————————————- Tutorial 10: Case Problem 1 High Desert University Skills Define a scenario View scenarios Edit a scenario Create a scenario summary report Find an optimal solution using Solver Activate Solver Set up Solver to find a solution Create a Solver answer report Save and load Solver models Project overviewProfessor Karen Reynolds teaches calculus at High Desert University in Tempe, Arizona. The class has 220 students who are distributed among dozens of sections and discussion groups. Professor Reynolds wants to use Excel to determine the appropriate cutoff points for her grading curve. Generally, she wants to set the cutoff points so that the following distribution of grades is observed in the student body: F 5% D 10% C 35% B 35% A 15% Professor Reynolds has five possible grading curves. For example, in Grading Curve 1, she will assign As to test scores from 80 to 100.She wants you to evaluate each grading curve scenario and determine which one results in a distribution of grades closest to her proposed distribution. After you choose which of the five scenarios fits the data the best, she wants you to use Solver to determine whether there is a grading curve that is even closer to the desired distribution of grades. STUDENT start FILE NP_Excel2010_T10_CP1a_FirstLastName_1. xlsx (Note: Download your personalized start file from www. cengage. com/sam2010) Instructions Open the file NP_Excel2010_T10_CP1a_FirstLastName_1. lsx and save the file as NP_Excel2010_T10_CP1a_FirstLastName_2. xlsx before you move to the next step. Verify that your name appears in cell B4 of the Documentation sheet. (Note: Do not edit the Documentation sheet. If your name does not appear in cell B4, please download a new copy of the start file from the SAM Web site. ) 2. The Test Score worksheet contains a table of individual student scores and a table for the grading curve. In the Test Score worksheet, the range F4:G8 will contain the lower and upper ranges for each letter grade.Add the missing upper range values in the range G4:G7 by inserting formulas in each of those cells that calculates the upper range for each letter grade as being one point lower than the lower range of the next letter grade. Any changes to the numeric values in F5:F8 should result in changes to the calculated values in G4:G7. 3. In cell D4, enter the VLOOKUP function to return the letter grade for the first student in the list. The lookup value is the studentâ⠂¬â„¢s final score, the table array is the cell range $F$4:$H$8, the column index number is 3, and the lookup should find the closest match in the first column of the lookup table.Copy the formula in cell D4 into the range D5:D223 to calculate the grades for the rest of the students’ scores. 4. In cell I4, use the COUNTIF function to count the total number of letter grades in the range $D$4:$D$223 equal to the value in cell H4 (e. g. â€Å"F†). Copy your formula into the range I5:I8 to count the total number of the other letter grades assigned under the current grading scale. In cell I9, calculate the total number of all letter grades, verifying that the total equals 220. 5. In the range J4:J8, calculate the percent of each letter grade assigned to the student body.In cell J9, calculate the total percentage of all letter grades, verifying that the total percentage equals 100 percent. 6. In the range L4:L8, use the ABS function to calculate the absolute value of the dif ference between the observed percentage of each letter grade and Professor Reynolds’ optimal percentage. In cell L9, calculate the total value of these absolute differences. 7. Assign the following range names: a) LowF, LowD, LowC, LowB, and LowA for the values in the range F4:F8. b) HighF through HighA for the values in the range G4:G8. c) PercentF through PercentA for the values in the range J4:J8. ) DifferenceFromCurve to the value in cell L9. 8. Enter the values of the five grading curve scenarios named Grading Curve 1 through Grading Curve 5 shown in the chart below into your scenarios. Use the range F4:F8 as your changing cells. Scenario Name Low F Low D Low C Low B Low A Grading Curve 1 0 20 40 60 80 Grading Curve 2 0 30 50 70 90 Grading Curve 3 0 50 65 80 95 Grading Curve 4 0 40 60 75 85 Grading Curve 5 0 60 70 80 90 9. Create a scenario summary report evaluating the results from each of the five scenarios, displaying the values from the range J4:J8,L9 as your result cells. Note: The closeness of each grading curve to Professor Reynolds’ optimal grading curve is expressed in the value of cell L9. If there is perfect correspondence, the value of cell L9 would be zero. ) 10. Create a Solver model to minimize the value in cell L9 by changing the values in the range F5:F8, subject to the constraint that all of the values in the range F5:F8 must be integers. Save the Solver model, selecting cell L13 as the top cell holding the solver model data. Save your changes, close the workbook and exit Excel. Follow the directions on the SAM Web site to submit your completed project.